Isle of man gambling license cost. The Isle of Man is a well-established jurisdiction for online gambling operations, offering a number of significant benefits for licence holders: (a) A robust regulatory framework; (b) A favourable tax regime; (c) A skilled workforce; and (d) State-of-the-art infrastructure. Isle of man gambling license cost

 
 The Isle of Man is a well-established jurisdiction for online gambling operations, offering a number of significant benefits for licence holders: (a) A robust regulatory framework; (b) A favourable tax regime; (c) A skilled workforce; and (d) State-of-the-art infrastructureIsle of man gambling license cost  Cryptocurrency exchange license in Isle of Man

An online gambling license is valid for 5 years. In 2001, Irish residents were allowed to gamble online. Gambling license cost on the Isle of Man. Why You Should Get an Isle of. 1% – 1. The gambling license registration on the Isle of Man costs from 25,000 to 50,000 EUR. 2 local resident Directors. The Council of Ministers, under the CA 1986, can grant up to two licences for the operation of a casino in the Isle of Man. , N 45, area N 7. 5% and 0. able to offset any remaining unused portion of their licence fee against the cost of the upgrade. Isle of Man GSC online gambling license facts: Date started issuing licenses: 2001. com. The cost of applying for a remote gambling licence fee is £30,000 which is non-refundable. with figures released in February 2023 showing a 79% increase in eGaming licences issued by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision. Breeding establishments - licence conditions. Plans to regenerate part of the Isle of Man's capital, which include a new casino, have been submitted. Gambling license cost varies from one jurisdiction to the next, with different types of fees and taxes playing a role in the overall cost. Cost. An Isle of Man betting license enables the licensee to avail themselves of competitive tax rates and a simple tax strategy. Costs associated with the Commission’s assessment of the applicant’s Control System Submission. In order to gain a gambling license, the business should be registered in the Isle of Man and all related casino servers must also be hosted in the Isle of Man. First of all, you have to pay a £370 non-refundable fee to apply for the. Isle of Man gains most of its income from. £35000 is the annual cost of the basic permit. Licensing Body License Cost Revenue Tax Rate Other Costs; DGLA: $1,000 - $20,000--Curacao: €21,500: 2%:. Additionally, license holders are required to submit quarterly reports to the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission. 2: Fees and Duties (Government Fees) Order 2023. What makes the casino licensing in the Isle of Man so fascinating is the fact that the authority was amongst the first places to create new legislation. Network Licence . The Gambling (Licensing & Advertising) Act 2014 introduced new licensing rules. Jul 16, 2023. 0. Gaming License Cost. Isle Of Man Gambling License Cost, Internet Dating Horror Stories, Is Grand Casino In Shawnee Oklahoma Open, Rhythm Roulette Parker Corey, Sky High Slots Casino 50percent Up To Gbp50, Locau Slots For Real Money Online, Juegos Gratis De Poker Gobernador 1 The fee to apply for an online gambling license in Malta is €5,000. The local licensing organ, Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission, started issuing licenses for online gambling and online betting in 2009. The streamlined and cost-effective process of obtaining a Kahnawake Client Provider Authority (i. We've got expert insights and key info. Gaming License on Isle of Man Buy Ready-Made Company on Isle on Man ☎️ +1 (888)-647-05-40 Get a consultation office@eternitylaw. Financial Aspects: Licensing Fees: Payment of a government licensing fee totaling $47,000, in addition to an application fee approximately amounting to $6,700. That said, cost depends on the type of license. Network Services License: Allows operators to provide online gambling services to other operators. September 11, 2023. 35 000 GBP. 1% for gross gaming yield over £40million/year. On the other hand, the application for a sub-license will cost you £5,000. The Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC) is responsible for. Against the backdrop of all this chaos, Curacao and the Isle of Man stand out favorably. com Obtaining a gambling license on the Isle of Man Online Casino License on the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a dependent territory of Great Britain, an island in the English Channel. The Isle of Man is a dependent territory of Great Britain, an island in the English Channel. You can purchase this product from. 3000 Games. Sublicense This document is issued to operators having contracted with license holders. [2] The first Isle of Man sub-licence was issued to Know How Gaming, successfully applied for by licensed Corporate Services Provider, ILS World. Real Money Slots. The Council of Ministers, under the CA 1986, can grant up to two licences for the operation of a casino in the Isle of Man. The annual fee is $20,000 per year. There are a number of Statutory Instruments, known as Fees Orders, which set out the fees charged in the courts. then the Isle of Man license may be the. 23 per game table. Accepts multiple cryptocurrencies. The best way to choose an online casino would be to choose the one that has an Isle of Man license. After that, you have to pay £35 000 for the full OGRA license. United Kingdom gambling laws do not apply to the Isle of Man, the territory has its own gambling legislation. Aimed at responsible gaming; Good player protection; The licensing process for Isle of Man gambling licenses is efficient and transparent, with clear guidelines and requirements. The Isle of Man offers a competitive environment for gambling businesses. Our service package includes Isle of Man company incorporation, Isle of Man business record opening, license application including advising services, compliance review, and food of business plans and internal policies. 5% for gross gaming yield from £20-40million/year. 00 USD Company renewal cost USD 1,585. Licensing Fees and Duration. for gross gaming yield exceeding £20,000,000 but not exceeding £40,000,000 per annum, 0. Learn more about the Isle of Man gambling license here. Isle Of Man Gambling License Cost, Internet Dating Horror Stories, Is Grand Casino In Shawnee Oklahoma Open, Rhythm Roulette Parker Corey, Sky High Slots Casino 50percent Up To Gbp50, Locau Slots For Real Money Online, Juegos Gratis De Poker Gobernador 1. 1% and 1. Application to be continued as a country or territory outside the Isle of Man For each application where the Registrar is satisfied that: a. However, if you make mistakes or forget to attach some information, the processing time can increase. For example, in the Isle of Man, the conditions for granting an Isle of Man gaming license by the Gambling Supervision Commission is that you should be a company registered in the Isle of Man and must have at least 2 local directors who should be individual and not corporate entities. First license fee - $40 000. Winners of the Isle of Man FinTech Challenge revealed. Then you’ll have to pass a lot of inspections, such as a. Obtaining a gambling license on the Isle of Man Online Casino License on the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a dependent territory of Great Britain, an island in the English Channel. Note: You can also see all licensed casinos sorted by software developers, deposit and withdrawal methods and bonuses. The Isle of Man’s gambling regulatory authority is the Gambling Supervision Commission. Jul 16, 2023. For B2B service providers, the cost will be £85,000. The license guarantees players the reliability and transparency of the platform. Lonestar: Isle of Man to Post Digital Stamps to the Moon. The Inspectorate is managed by the Chief Executive of the GSC. comAccording to the Gambling Tax Act, gambling business owners are taxed at a rate of 5%. An Isle of Man gambling license is more expensive than a Curaçao license, but it has a number of decisive advantages for many entrepreneurs. The first level is a Network Services License, followed by a Full License and, finally, a Sub-License. Isle of Man. The first gambling regulation commission was created here in 1962, and in 2001, an organization for controlling online gambling appeared. How to Quickly Obtain the Isle of Man Gaming License; 7. The standard rate of corporate income tax in the Isle of Man is 0%. Single license for different types of gambling. The cost of sub-license is £5 000. Licensees. Some countries have very expensive licenses, including Spain and. The Isle of Mann agency have defined a gaming taxing ensure must be paid by all gambling companies though it is between 0. Gambling. Isle Of Man Gambling License Cost, Casino Lease Agreement, Ameristar Casino St Charles Jobs, Casino And Sports Betting Uk, Original Singer Of Poker Face. The Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission launched the B2B Software Supplier Licence back in 2019 with the aim to streamline the application process for business gambling. Considered as one of the top four online gaming jurisdictions, along with Malta, Alderney and Gibraltar, the Isle of Man is a jurisdiction that has, since the inception of the Online Gambling Regulation Act in 2001, grown exponentially and following further changes, the licensing and regulatory controls are now more responsive to the needs of. Yet the most significant moment in the history of Isle of Man gambling came with the establishment of the Gambling Supervision Commission (formerly the Gambling Control Commission) in 1962. €630. The Isle of Man is a dependent territory of Great Britain, an island in the English Channel. 0. You may be able to apply for an ancillary remote licence if: the gross gambling yield from bets taken under your ancillary licence will be less than the gross gambling yield from bets taken under your non-remote operating licence; the gross gambling yield from bets taken under your ancillary licence will be less than £550,000. 5% up to £20m. Forms. Requirements of getting a permit for gaming companies. By selecting from the menu to the left, you will be able to access an extract from the register showing the following licences and. More information Gambling license cost on the Isle of Man. 03 of the Laws of Malta) provide that B2C operators shall pay a variable licence fee, termed as a compliance contribution, which is calculated on the gaming revenue generated. For an additional fee, there is the possibility of incorporation in 2 hours. The Council of Ministers, under the CA 1986, can grant up to two licences for the operation of a casino in the Isle of Man. It should beLynxBet. 5% next £20m. So you can be rest assured that the policies would not change. Far pricier than many other licenses available, the gambling license cost can vary based on your company needs. Gross gaming yield Requirements for applicants. This offshore territory is one of the most prestigious for obtaining a license for the gambling business. The GSC is committed to ensuring the licensing process is fair, unbiased, and streamlined so licensees can proceed with their operations as quickly as possible. The corporate income tax rate in the UK is 19%. For an OGRA full licence, there is a fee of £36,750, while. This offshore territory is one of the most prestigious for obtaining a license for the gambling business. Full licenses cost £35,000 per year, plus a percent cut of gross profit between . The cost of an Isle of Man gambling licence varies between £5,250 and £52,500 depending on the type of licence you are interested in acquiring. The cost of getting an online gambling license in Panama is 40,000$. In addition, the amount of 35 000 for full renewal of license or 5 000 for sublicensins is required. Types of licenses. Payment of state duty. The Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC), has introduced a new license for software suppliers looking to demonstrate their high standards for corporate governance and game fairness. :: Removal of the £5,000 annual network partner feeAs a general rule, the Curacao license is optimal for start-ups, as it is cost-effective and requires little bureaucracy and paperwork to obtain. Where an OGRA operator is currently offering their product for public consumption a website address will be provided. Summary: Gambling is legal in Isle of Man since the 1961 . For an OGRA application, there is a fee of £5,250. Before getting a gaming license you should initially be offered a job in a casino or gambling establishment of another format. £36,750 per annum. a Kahnawake Gambling License) can grant you access to this extremely lucrative market in a matter of mere months. Please note, the following increase in fees was approved by Tynwald. We recommend opting for a jurisdiction like Anjouan for a gaming license. The GSC is committed to ensuring the licensing process is fair, unbiased, and streamlined so licensees can proceed with their operations as quickly as possible. In 2023, the Isle of Man provided 85 companies with a gaming license. The Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission has a practically bullet-proof reputation as a licensing. This is a piece of legislation that sets the rules and standards. The gambling license cost will vary depending on the license type we have considered above. Another cheap gambling license option comes from Anjouan, which costs $25,000. Buffalo Blitz. 5%. Europe is home to the following online gambling jurisdictions: Alderney, Gibraltar, Isle of Man, Malta. Approximate license costs – £40,000 Average time to obtain license – 10 – 12 weeks License validity period – 5 years Types of Licenses – What Licenses Does Isle of Man Offer? The Isle of Man offers gambling licenses for both land-based and online gambling operations. Curacao gambling license cost is the best on the market. Offering gambling under the provisions of a betting office licence or a casino licence does not require an OGRA licence in addition – it should be notedIsle Of Man Gambling License Cost - Vegas World plays well on any Android phone or tablet. Like other EU gambling licenses, the Malta gambling license cost is higher than other offshore licenses. The Isle of Man Gambling Commission was established in 2001 and it is located between the Ireland and England. High Costs. The island's business-friendly environment and modern infrastructure make it an attractive location for companies looking to establish a presence in Europe. postal entry) or (2) to incorporate genuine skill, to prevent a significant proportion of people from winning or from participating. Such a choice of jurisdiction makes this activity successful and transparent from the point of view of legislation. Period of Validity and the Cost of the Permit; 5. Key persons and those with over 5% stake in the company will be subject to due diligence checks. Applicants who have a company registered on the island, a local director and a bank account can count on the gambling license. im Cannabis Licensing – canna@gov. Isle Of Man Gambling License Cost : Casino slots games are all the rage! Jackpot Party. As of this writing, there were 54 companies holding online gaming/gambling licenses in the Isle of Man. Thanks to good practices, experience gained, qualified theoretical knowledge, the experts employed by the Private Financial Services will. Those expenses cover all types of iGaming and allow partnerships with sub-license owners. , N 45, area N 7. Isle of Man GSC online gambling license facts: Date started issuing licenses: 2001. See full list on tetraconsultants. This is a great way to learn about slot strategy. The licensing process for Isle of Man gambling licenses is efficient and transparent, with clear guidelines and requirements. 5% of gross gaming yield); Support from the Isle of Man government; Wide geography of coverage markets; The very first and minimum requirement for an employee in the gambling industry is age; the employee must be over 18 or 21 years old, depending on the country. “For E-Gaming Isle of Man, this new licence shows our continued proactive response to such a dynamic and fast-paced industry. Varun Sudhakar, BetDEX’s CEO and co-founder added that the licensing in the Isle of Man marks an important step for the company’s innovative exchange. The whole process takes around 10-12 weeks once a complete application has been lodged and the cost is £35,000 . Jul 13, 2023. The gambling license registration on the Isle of Man costs from 25,000 to 50,000 EUR. The Isle of Man is a dependent territory of Great Britain, an island in the English Channel. It was established in 2001. Isle Of Man Gambling License Cost - PLAY . “The grant of the Isle of Man gambling license is. There are no other associated fees. Software supplier license. Unlike many other gambling regulators, our regulatory returns ask for figures on Gross Gambling Yield (GGY) not Gross Gambling Revenue (GGR). After that, the companies are subject to duty: Remote Gaming B2C Operator: £100,000; Remote Betting B2C Operator: £100,000; Other Remote B2C Gambling Products: £100,000; Non-Remote B2C Gaming Operator: £100,000; Non. 0% - dividends, royalties. The list is in chronological order so the latest casino is always on top. The Gaming License Fees Regulations (SL 583. The Isle of Man offers an extremely competitive fiscal framework. Full licenses cost £35,000 per year, plus a percent cut of gross profit between . The cost of an iGaming license is also connected to the service costs from a local managing director and software certificates that guarantee game fairness. Isle of Man: B2C £35K per year Gaming tax 1. The GSC was established to regulate all. Top 3 Gaming Licenses. ); involve players betting money (or money's worth); and. , Europe, and Switzerland. Craig Darren. Licences are granted by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC). The Gambling Supervision Commission currently licenses hundreds of online casinos with some of the bigger names including 888 Casino, Thrills Casino, Mr. It should be mentioned that the set of requirements will be slightly different in each case. €10000. To obtain a sub-license and to extend it costs £ 5,000. The Isle of Man license is six to seven times more expensive than the Curacao license. The application cost is £5,000. Isle of Man; Tasmania; The introduction of the Gambling (Licensing and Advertising) Act 2014 further stated that such territories must base an element of their equipment or facilities in Great Britain to retain their remote licence. The cost of acquiring a gaming license in Kahnawake is relatively low compared to other jurisdictions. Payment for the new partnership with a sub-licensee is £5,000 (€5,600). Payment of state duty. To open an online casino with the Isle of Man licence, the entrepreneur must prepare a business strategy, compliance confirmation for games and software, a statement of opening an account with a local bank, a certificate of good conduct among executives, and other papers. Antigua and Barbuda. The GSC was established in 1962 and has since become a global leader in gambling regulation, providing a highly respected and well-regulated environment for online gambling businesses. The cost of a gambling license in the Solomon Islands varies depending on the type of gambling business you want to operate. £3000 £1,200: Certified copy of the instrument of continuance: £56The Isle of Man gaming authority has a reputation for upholding high standards. The Council of Ministers, under the CA 1986, can grant up to two licences for the operation of a casino in the Isle of Man. 1% and 1. The Isle of Man authorities have defined a gaming tax that applies to all gaming companies of 0. incorporate any element of. Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission. Each online gambling license has its own benefits,. €300 per game-of-chance machine. #335 of 530 Review. Initial Gaming Licence fee for B2C or B2B operators providing only Type 4 games – €10,000;. The cost of a UK online gambling license starts from around £25,000. Isle of Man. With the advent of online gambling, the Commission became one of the. Our goal is to ensure. Compliance with these rules is mandatory and will be checked by the. Isle of Man Gambling. The license is granted for a five-year period. Since 2004, Szilaghi Consulting has been working with startups, entrepreneurs, and companies already established for online gambling. The Isle of Man regulator and gambling licence have a sterling international reputation. While operators registered in Curacao pay only a minimal tax on net gains, MGA licensees pay a compliance contribution that depends on the type of license they hold. Travel Required? No Excellent Based on 87 reviews Isle of Man Overview Incorporation Process Isle of Man Gaming License Accounting & Tax NEED MORE HELP? Our. GamingLicensing is your right-hand man in the process of establishing a licensed online casino operation with stable foundations and promising future. Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission. for a Full License - 35,000. Expenses needed for betting license in Isle of Man, as in other countries, depend on many factors. We understand that budget considerations are important, and we work closely with you to provide a tailored cost estimate based on your specific needs. The Casino (Licence Applications) Regulations 1986 set out to whom an application for a casino licence should be made and matters that should be included in such an application. Isle of Man Gaming License Cost. What is the cost of an Isle of Man licence? The setup fee starts at £5,000, but other fees may apply during the process of establishing a casino in the Isle of Man. A license is issued for a period of 10 years. Celebrating Local Creativity: UCM Skills Week Game Jam. Gambling license costs vary. Source: “The Crucial Role of the Isle of Man B2C License“. Continual Audits. To obtain the Isle of Man gambling license, you should first open a Company Limited by Shares (Ltd), regulated by the Companies Act 2006. The license is issued within six months. But in general, if you want to open an online casino and want to get a gambling license it will cost you roughly between $30,000 to. Jul 16, 2023. The popularity of casinos with the Isle of Man gaming license. Learn More Corporate tax ratio for establishments possessing Isle of Man gambling license, equals zero. Tetra Advisor serves our international clients to secure Isle of Fellow Gaming Bachelor. European Gaming. Make sure you’ve six to. After the Department receives the inquiry form it will send the ‘ancillary suppliers’ licensing form to the prospective affiliate. 5%. There are, however, other taxes to pay, such as the gaming tax, but the rate is low. The island is a primary jurisdiction for the administration, location, and regulation of the online gambling industry. Apart from that, a duty must be paid for gross gaming yield. Can players. com; SoftGamings;. Obtaining a Costa Rica gambling license is not required, which means there is also no application fee. Isle of Man. The Main Things About Casino Licensing on the Isle of Man The full gaming license is a single license for your gaming business – the application fee is £5,000, the annual fee is £35,000. 4. Before starting the business is good to understand how and where a curacao gambling license can be used and to understand the seven types of gambling. Number of license types: 4 (B2B and B2C) Average cost: £35,000+**. +995706070360. Potential licensees must pay an application fee of £5,000 (€5,700). License provider – UK Gambling Commission. This license costs 50,000 Euros per year. im or at the postal address below— Ground Floor,Reading Time: < 1 minute Intema Solutions Inc. George Miller. Operational Safeguards:Advised an Asia-owned e-gaming business and its Asia-based owners on a successful application for an Isle of Man e-gaming licence and structuring the underlying holding and operating companies. So, we have already racked up setup costs of a. Period of Validity and the Cost of the Permit; 5. On Tuesday, the Rational Group announced that Full Tilt Poker was granted a license by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC), allowing Full Tilt. The process of license renewal, once the license is over, will cost you €5,000 as well unless the licensing condition will be changed by that time. And if it does, then either the license costs a lot of money, the taxes are exorbitantly high, or the license gives access to a truncated list of gambling services. To report GGY correctly the stake and prize amounts must reflect only the gambling transactions that form part of the GGY calculation as described above. An operator must apply for this license if they want to let one of more players committed to another non-locally based casino access its Isle of Man server without re-filing the player’s info. Upon obtaining a license, online casinos enjoy the status of a legal business. Rich Ryan Editor. for a Sub Licence - 5,000. Our approach is focused on three core principles: ensuring that gambling is crime free. 6. Great infrastructure. A notable gambling regulator, the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC), has been famous for its outstanding balance between business and freedom. Also, it is an entity with a long tradition and well-established reputation. Isle of Man gaming license cost. The first Isle of Man licence to operate a live dealer in online casino gaming was given to Celton Manx in February 2009. Taxation. In Malta, a B2C gaming service license can cost €25,000 per year. The cost of acquiring a gaming license in Kahnawake is relatively low compared to other jurisdictions. Alderney Gambling Control Commission; UK Gambling Commission – How they help you regulate; Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission; Malta Gaming Authority – The unique regulations; New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement; Curacao Gaming Control Board – Ensuring the stability of online gambling industryThe cost of licensing to operate an online casino in the island state is only 1 thousand pounds sterling. There are some fabulous casino gamers who stream their slots action online for free. With over 18 years of experience, Szilaghi Consulting has been providing its expertise to startups, entrepreneurs, and established companies in the online gambling industry. Fees set by the regulators and commissions of given jurisdictions are. The full gambling license from the Isle of man costs €5000 for application and €35,000 for annual renewal. The license is issued for a period of 5 years, and the renewal for each year costs about Euro 28,000. Isle of Man Gaming Licence. Afterward, you can run your licensed company for the initial period of five years. Currently, five mechanisms are approved. Gambling license cost is another reason why the Curacao gambling license is highly popular. The fees vary depending on the type of gambling licence purchased. Key persons and those with over 5% stake in the company will be subject to due diligence checks. 00. Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission. The Anjouan license offers an attractive option for cost-conscious entrepreneurs. Better upgrade your engine if you want to keep up with these lissome ladies. im In order to gain an Isle of Man Online Gambling Regulations Act 2001 (OGRA) Licence, the following conditions must be met: • A company. It provides the legislation for all casinos, amusement and slot machines, betting offices, lotteries and online casinos and sportsbooks. 1% – 1. Contact Slotegrator at [email protected]% Registered share capital 0. Australian Gaming Licence Cost. The fee to apply for an online gambling license in Malta is €5,000. The application cost is $35,000 and includes the first annual license fee. Loyal Taxation; 6. In conclusion, the Isle of Man online gambling. Before applying for an Isle of Man. The Commission maintains a register of eGambling licences and certificates. The first Isle of Man licence to operate a live dealer in online casino gaming was given to Celton Manx in February 2009. com and The Lottery Centre, committed extensive breaches of its gambling licence, according to the Gambling Commission. Network licence. About The Gambling Supervision Commission. The Isle of Man: A Hub for Online Gambling Businesses. DGLA, the world's first decentralized Digital Gambling License Authority, provides instant provisional licenses for online gambling platforms, with a fixed annual fee in crypto. Zero Capital Gains Tax. The price of this permit. Isle of Man: £35,000: 1. Betting Revaz Tabukashvili Str. The software services licence is the latest addition to online gambling in the Isle of Man. Online casino games. Gambling license cost: Bank account opening $1000. The basic conditions which need to be fulfilled for an Isle of Man Gaming License are: a) The Company must be registered in the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man license is a well-known, reputable legal document that is both financially attractive with a zero-tax policy, and it offers a great advantage if you want to step into the UK gambling market. Provided that all submitted documents are in order, the standard registration takes 48 hours with the option to register even faster by paying higher fees. Cost of Isle of Man Gambling Licenses. The VAT rate is 20%, but online gambling is exempt from VAT on income, which also means it is not recoverable on expenses. However, operators pay a high price for the privilege of having a local. Areas covered by the license. Jet10 3. The cost of obtaining a license is up to £100,000, and here’s a calculator that allows you to define the final price. Disaster Recovery Page 14 2. New champions are a balancing nightmare, as Briar. You should contact the Solomon Islands Gaming Board for more information about the fees. The following tax rates apply to financial companies on the Isle of Man: 0% - corporate tax for residents. The Isle of Man offers 3 types of gaming licenses that cover all kinds of gambling activities. An application fee of. The truth is that it used to be longer but the Manx economy suffered turmoil in recent years that lead to some uncertainties.